We’ve all seen documentaries or informational videos in which the interview material carries much of the information along with the story.
Interviews are the backbone of most non-fiction video presentations. Interviews are powerful message carriers that you can easily intercut with other production elements in a documentary, such as actuality sequences, re-enactments, graphics, animation, or scripted narration.
Typically, interviews use talking heads (to camera) and voiceovers (to pictures). Don’t confuse voiceovers with narration. A v/o is the audio portion of an interview clip laid over supporting visuals in editing. Narration is scripted information voiced in the field to camera (stand-up), but it is recorded in the studio by a narrator or a participant reading from a narration script to the edited documentary.
Interviewees are characters
Talking heads are interviews with main or secondary characters in a fact-based story. Main characters are participants whose story you are telling. The audience experiences the world of the documentary through their eyes.
Secondary characters represent the supporting cast. These participants provide additional information the audience needs to understand the story, such as background or historical information. You also interview secondary characters to support or sometimes challenge the themes or points of view presented in a documentary. Secondary characters can be subject matter experts, eyewitnesses, official (government/institutional) spokespeople, vox populi (persons in the street), or associates or relatives of the main character.
Before you shoot an interview, ask yourself three questions. What will each interview contribute to the information flow of the story? Will you conduct a factual or a personal interview? How will you shoot the interview?
So, where do you start?
Research, research, research
When you’re making a documentary or any fact-based video, you should be heavily researched. You should know the informational role you want each of your interview subjects to play. In other words, know what you want each of your participants to talk about before you sit them down in front of the camera. This means you really have to know what your documentary is about.
Research is collecting information about the topic of your doc, plus people who might end up in it as participants. Once you’ve mined internet or print sources and pre-interviewed people, you will have a better understanding of how to shape and focus your initial idea for the documentary — what to include or leave out. Focusing the documentary (what’s the story?) will inform your strategy for each interview, along with its purpose in your doc. Research gives you more than facts or background information. Research will identify the two most important things a documentary needs. The first is characters to populate it. The second is the actual situations they will allow you to film.
Pre-interviews
Research is also about knowing your participants. Pre-interviews are critical. Visit your main characters without a camera and get to know them — what they do or how they live. With secondary characters, such as subject matter experts, a phone or email pre-interview will usually suffice.
Pre-interviews are not rehearsals for the real thing. In pre-interviews, you explain to potential participants what topic your documentary aims to explore. Ask subjects what knowledge or involvement they have with the topic. If you decide an interviewee would make an interesting character in your doc, schedule an on-camera interview. Don’t feed subjects the questions ahead of time, but do tell them what you would like to talk to them about in front of the camera. This should make for a spontaneous, unrehearsed interview session.
Stylin’
Some of your interviews will be in-depth sit-down sessions, while others will be less formal.
Before you start shooting an interview, be sure you know the style you have planned. First of all, will you include the interviewer’s questions in the final presentation? If not, make sure interviewees know this. Prompt them to include the questions in the answers. Otherwise, you’ll end up with out-of-context, unusable one- or two-word answers like this:
Q: For how many years have you been managing this project?
A: Fifteen.
Don’t set yourself up for “yes” or “no” answers. Ask people open-ended questions; have them tell you stories about what happened. If an answer is too general, ask for examples. Ask people to describe or explain things, events, or feelings. “What was that like?”
There are many ways to do a documentary interview. Three common approaches are the in-depth sit-down, the walk-and-talk, and the street interview.
Sit-down
An in-depth personal interview with a main character can carry an entire documentary, as the interviewer peels back layers of the subject’s life and times. A good way to approach this kind of interview is to ask your questions chronologically. “And then what happened?” Interviews with secondary characters can be in-depth as well, but they tend to be factual, as the interviewee provides context and background. “Please give us a sense of what it was like politically at that time.”
The key to in-depth interviews is to listen. Maintain eye contact with your subject. Don’t look down at your notes or questions. Move the interview forward by responding to what your subject is talking about rather than waiting, poised to ask your next question. Have a conversation with the interviewee. Don’t let opportunities to explore emotion slip away. Don’t settle for generalizations. If a subject says, “That was the worst time of my life,” you need to follow up with something like, “Tell me why,” or “Please talk about that.”
Walk and talk
Interviewing a subject while they do something can engage the audience and feel more relaxing for some interviewees than a formal sit-down. For example, in a factual interview, consider filming an athlete talking about the importance of pre-game warm-ups while she stretches, or, in a personal interview, have a single dad talk about his domestic challenges while he prepares a meal for his kids. Then there’s the literal walk-and-talk of a handheld interview where the cameraperson moves backward trying to keep a uniform distance from the forward-moving subject.
Streeters
Streeters or vox-pops — often known as man-on-the-street interviews in news shooting jargon — are where you park yourself with camera and microphone on a street corner, hoping somebody will stop and chat with you. These short informal interviews typically ask the same prepared questions of passersby to collect their opinions on a subject. Streeters make for short, snappy sound bites that can be cut into the doc to support (or contradict) its main themes.
The key to conducting a useful in-the-street interview is to put the subject at ease. Make it light, make it fun. Tell them what your doc is about. Ask if they would like to comment on the subject. Always give the last word to your interview subject. “Is there anything you’d like to add?”
Tip: Begin all interviews by having subjects introduce themselves on camera, stating their full name, age, title or position, so you have that detail later for proper pronunciation during voiceovers and proper spelling for graphical IDs or even possible legal needs.
Interview by design: Shooting tips
Sit-down interviews are conventionally conducted in the subject’s world. Interview people in their homes, their place of work or wherever they live their lives. Interview locations should say something about the character. Your technical instincts will be to seek out an interior location where you can control the sound. But you can shoot a perfectly good interview outside in an interesting, appropriate location by using a wireless microphone.
For static interviews, consider using a unidirectional shotgun mounted on a boom stand. Bring it in from the top or bottom (great solution when you’re a one-person band). Frame the interview in a pleasing way. Depending on the interview’s tone, use lighting to create the right mood.
Don’t shoot an interview with the subject sitting against a wall. You want to set up your interview shot with depth in mind. Move your interview subject well away from any background element to achieve this. In shot design, the convention is to separate the main subject plane from the background plane. In a sit-down interview, you don’t want to be behind the camera. You can’t have a decent conversation with the interviewee looking through the viewfinder. Have someone else shoot for you, or lock the camera off on a tripod.
If directing, verify the framing of the interview – eye-level is best for eye contact. Make sure the shooter gives you plenty of lead or nose room in the direction your subject is looking. For the best eye-line, park yourself as close as possible to one side of the camera. This way both eyes of the subject make eye contact with the audience.
Mix up your interview positions, sometimes to the left and sometimes to the right of the camera. That way, in editing, your talking heads won’t all be facing the same way. Plan your eyelines so you can cut opposing characters’ talking heads together as if they were facing off. Work out a cue protocol with your camera operator as to when you want her to change shot sizes. It’s best to reframe during a question.
Typically, do the beginning of an interview in a medium shot when the interview is about introductory subject matter. Include interesting hand gestures. A wider shot also allows you to super a title in editing. As the interview becomes more personal and as the audience comes to know the interviewee better, it makes sense to shoot close-ups, even extreme close-ups, for the intimate portions of the interview.
Your shot list should include the following (if you are using the interviewer on-camera).
Shoot coverage you can cut between. Get an establishing two-shot of the interviewer and subject. Capture over-the-shoulder listening shots during the warm-up chatter before the interview starts. Finally, shoot re-asks, in which the interviewer repeats each question after the interview.
You can shoot the walk-and-talk interview from a tripod, but I find handheld to be the best shot for a show-and-tell, where somebody is demonstrating an activity. With practice, you can develop a fluid handheld technique for following the subject during an active interview – knowing when to slide away from the face to what the hands are doing and smoothly back again. As long as your lens is zoomed out wide, you will bring back plenty of usable dynamic material.
When shooting handheld, the beginner’s instinct is to try to capture everything, zooming in and out, hunting and pecking and playing the trombone with the zoom trigger. Usually this comes back from the field as uneditable material and makes editors tear their hair out.
That’s a wrap
Interviews are privileged access to people who have agreed to share a part of their lives with the documentary maker. Entire bodies of work have piled up around the ethics and the process of conducting and filming interviews. Seek these out in libraries, bookstores and online.
Oxford defines interview as “a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation.” Your job as interviewer and director is to bring your audience as close as possible to that face-to-face encounter.
Peter Biesterfeld is a documentary maker, freelance writer and Professor of Documentary Production.
